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Revision as of 09:04, 29 Sep 2004 Phos (Talk | contribs) this is from wikipedia - I need to add the reference back		Current revision Adityanath (Talk | contribs)
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-	The '''Bible''' is the primary sacred [[scripture]] of both the [[Judaism|Jewish]] and [[Christianity|Christian]] religions. These scriptures are compilations of what were originally separate documents (called "[[book]]s") written over a long period of time. The first selection, which later formed the Jewish Bible ([[Tanakh]]) consisted of 39 books. Later additions after the birth of Jesus made up the [[New Testament]] made up of 27 Books.	+	#REDIRECT [[Christian Bible]]
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-	<div style="float:right; width:303px; margin-right:1em; margin-left:5em;text-align:center;">[[image:Bible.jpg|A bookshelf full of Bibles]]</div>	+
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-	==Overview==	+
-	The Jewish, or [[Hebrew Bible]], consists of the five books of [[Moses]] (the [[Torah]] or [[Pentateuch]]), a section called "Prophets" ([[Neviim]]), and a third section called "Writings" (also [[Ketuvim]] or Hagiographa). The term "[[Tanakh]]" is a Hebrew acronym formed from these three names. Though the Hebrew Bible is predominantly in [[Biblical Hebrew]], it has some small portions in [[Biblical Aramaic]].	+
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-	The Christian Bible contains the entirety of the [[Septuagint]] (Greek translation of the Jewish scriptures from the second century B.C., called by Christians the [[Old Testament]]), along with a set of later writings known as the [[New Testament]]. Most [[Protestant]]s) omit some of these works, roughly following the second century A.D. Jewish canon called the Tanakh, but with some reorderings. Within Christianity, there is not complete agreement on what the Christian Bible contains, that is, on the [[Biblical canon]]. However, this only extends to a few books &mdash; there is no dispute as to the majority of [[books of the Bible]].	+
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-	The various books of the New Testament were written in [[koine Greek]]. Early Christian Bibles used texts of the Old Testament dependent on the Greek Septuagint, which differs in places from the primarily Hebrew [[Masoretic text]]. Most modern [[translation]]s of the Old Testament are based primarily on the Masoretic text. Some modern editions of the Old Testament also adopt different readings found in the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]]. For more information, see the entry on [[Bible translations]].	+
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-	Synopsis: The Hebrew scriptures of the Bible - portions of which contain stories traditionally held to be historical accounts of much of the early history of the Hebrew Nation - teach that there is one [[God]], [[Jehovah]], "Creator of Heaven and Earth" who created Man "in his own image", and details the relationship between Man and his Creator.	+
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-	For Christians, the Bible continues - with the advent of [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]] - the story begun in the Hebrew scriptures, and is both a primary source of religious doctrine and a foundation for their spiritual beliefs. Some religious sects, notably, several of the Protestant Christian sects, believe the Bible to be the ultimate and authoritative guide in all spiritual matters, by a principle referred to as [[sola scriptura]].	+
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-	==Definition of Biblical terms==	+
-	The [[English language|English]] word "Bible" means "book of books" (from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word for "books", ''biblia:''	+
-	'' '''&beta;&iota;&beta;&lambda;&iota;&alpha;''' '' ). A book of the Bible is an established group of writings. For example, the book of [[Psalms]] consists of 150 songs (151 in the Septuagint), while the book of [[Epistle of Jude|Jude]] is a half-page letter. [[Biblical canon|Canon]] refers to the accepted books of the Bible differentiated from other sacred writings not accepted as part of the canon, which are not accepted as part of the Bible. Catholics and Orthodox call writings that they do not accept [[Apocrypha]]; Protestants call those writings they do not accept but that Catholics and Orthodox do Apocrypha or [[Deuterocanonical]], and call other writings that neither accepts [[Pseudepigrapha]]. The ''Protestant Bible'' consists of 66 books. The Roman Catholic version, including the Deuterocanonical books, counts altogether 76 books, while the Eastern Orthodox version includes 77 or 78. (4 Maccabees is sometimes included in an appendix, sometimes not.)	+
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-	==Description of the Bible==	+
-	The [[Tanakh| Hebrew Bible (Tanakh)]] is divided into 3 sections, the Law ([[Torah]]), the Prophets, the Writings. The translated, modified and re-ordered version of the [[Tanakh|Hebrew Bible]] is called the [[Old Testament]] in the Christian Bible. The Christian Bible includes the Old Testament plus the New Testament, which chronicles the doings of [[Jesus]] and the reaction to them. The New Testament is divided into the four [[Gospel]]s, History (Acts of the Apostles), the Letters to Christian churches by [[Paul of Tarsus|Paul]] and other [[apostle]]s, and the [[Book of Revelation]].	+
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-	See [[Books of the Bible]]	+
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-	==Bible Canon - Which books are biblical?==	+
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-	In addition to the diverse traditions concerning which books belong in the Canon of the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Bible, modern scholarship proposes alternative views concerning the authenticity of books, and of texts within books. See the entries on the [[Biblical canon]], [[Higher criticism]] and [[Textual criticism]].	+
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-	==Biblical versions and translations==	+
-	In scholarly writing, ancient translations are frequently referred to as 'versions', with the term 'translation' being reserved for medieval or modern translations. Information about Bible versions is given below, while [[Bible translations]] can be found on a separate page.	+
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-	===Tanakh===	+
-	The oldest books of the Bible are the [[Pentateuch]], also known as the [[Torah]]. They are written in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and are also titled the 'Books of Moses'. Traditionally Judaism and Christianity held that these books were actually written by the prophet [[Moses]], but many today believe that the current form of the Torah came about by a redactor bringing together several earlier, distinct sources. This idea is called the [[documentary hypothesis]].	+
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-	In addition to the Torah, as noted above, the Jewish scriptures include the [[Neviim|Nevi'im]] ("prophets") and the [[Ketuvim]] ("writings"), the combined collection being designated by the Hebrew acronym "Tanakh".	+
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-	The original text of the Tanakh was in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], with some portions in [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]]. From the 800s to the 1400s rabbinic Jewish scholars known as the Masoretes compared the text of all known Biblical manuscripts, in an effort to create a unified and standardized text; a series of highly similar texts eventually emerged, and any of these texts are known as [[Masoretic Text]]s (MT). The Masoretes also added vowel points (called nikud) to the text, since the original text only contained consonants. This sometimes required the selection of an interpretation, since words can differ only in their vowels, and thus the text can vary depending upon the choice of vowels to be inserted. In antiquity there were other variant readings which were popular, some of which have survived in the Samaritan Pentateuch, the [[Dead Sea scrolls]], and other ancient fragments, as well as being attested in ancient translations to other languages.	+
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-	By the beginning of the common era, most Jews no longer spoke Hebrew, but spoke [[Greek language|Greek]] or [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] instead. Thus they made translations or paraphrases into these languages. The most important of the translations into the Greek was the [[Septuagint]], though other translations were made as well. The Septuagint contains several additional passages, and whole additional books, compared to what was eventually compiled as the masoretic texts. In some cases these additions were originally composed in Greek, while in other cases they are translations of Hebrew books or variants that the Masoretes did not accept. Recent discoveries have shown that more of the Septuagint additions have a Hebrew origin than was once thought. While there are no surviving manuscripts of the Hebrew text on which the Septuagint was based, many scholars believe that it was a different textual tradition than the one that eventually became the basis for the Masoretic texts.	+
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-	The Jews also produced non-literal translations or paraphrases known as [[targum]]s, primarily in Aramaic. They frequently expanded on the text with additional details taken from Jewish oral tradition.	+
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-	Early Christians produced translations of the Hebrew Bible into several languages; their biblical text was the Septuagint, which was translated by a number of Jews into Greek over several decades starting in the second century B.C.E. Translations were made into Syriac, Coptic and Latin, among other languages. The Latin translations were historically the most important to the Church in the West, while in the Greek-speaking East, they continued to use the Septuagint translation of the Old Testament and had no need to translate the New Testament.	+
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-	The earliest Latin translation was the Old Latin text, or [[Vetus Latina]]. Exactly who translated it is unknown, but internal evidence suggests it is the product of several authors over a period of time. It was based on the Septuagint, and thus included the Septuagint additions.	+
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-	As a translation the Old Latin was far from ideal, and so [[Jerome]] was commissioned to produce the [[Vulgate]] translation as a replacement. Jerome based his translation on the Hebrew rather than the Septuagint. He was of the opinion that the Septuagint additions were of doubtful value, but he included them due to the demands of the church. He did not, however, translate the additional books anew; the Vulgate for these books is identical to the Old Latin. The Vulgate became the official translation of the [[Catholicism| Roman Catholic]] church.	+
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-	===New Testament===	+
-	The majority of scholars believe the [[New Testament]] was originally composed in Greek. There are a number of different textual traditions of the New Testament. The three main traditions are sometimes called the [[Western text-type]], the [[Alexandrian text-type]], and [[Byzantine text-type]], and together they comprise the majority of New Testament manuscripts. There are also several ancient translations into other languages, most important of which are the Syriac (including the [[Peshitta]] and the [[Diatessaron]] gospel harmony) and the Latin (both the Vetus Latina and the Vulgate).	+
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-	A minority of scholars believe the Greek New Testament is actually a translation of an [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] original. Of these, some accept the so called "[[Syriac]]" [[Peshitta]] as the original, while others take a more critical approach to reconstructing the original text. For more on this view, see [[Aramaic primacy]].	+
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-	The earliest critical edition of the New Testament is the '[[Textus Receptus]]' (Latin for 'received text') compiled by the humanist [[Desiderius Erasmus]]. It is largely Byzantine in character. The Textus Receptus was for many centuries the standard critical edition of the New Testament, only losing that position after the discovery of manuscripts such as the [[Codex Sinaiticus]] and the [[Codex Vaticanus]]. There are some who believe that many or all of the changes introduced by later critical editions are incorrect, and that the Textus Receptus is still the best critical edition available. A similar but distinct argument is sometimes made for the [[Majority Text]].	+
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-	For a more detailed account of the New Testament's development, see the relevant section of [[Biblical canon]].	+
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-	===Chapters and verses ===	+
-	The [[masoretic]] Hebrew text contains verse endings as an important feature. According to the Jewish talmudic tradition, the verse endings are of ancient origin. The [[masoretic]] textual tradition also contains section endings called ''parashiyot'', which are indicated by a space within a line (a "closed" section") or a new line beginning (an "open" section). The division of the text reflected in the ''parashiyot'' is usually thematic. The ''parashiyot'' are not numbered.	+
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-	In early manuscripts (most importantly in Tiberian [[masoretic]] manuscripts such as the [[Aleppo codex]]) an "open" section may also be represented by a blank line, and a "closed" section by a new line that is slightly indented (the preceding line may also not be full). These latter conventions are no longer used in Torah scrolls and printed Hebrew Bibles. In this system, the one rule differentiating "open" and "closed" sections is that "open" sections must ''always'' begin at the beginning of a new line, while "closed" sections ''never'' start at the beginning of a new line.	+
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-	Another related feature of the [[masoretic]] text is the division of the ''sedarim''. This division is not thematic, but is rather almost entirely based upon the ''quantity'' of text.	+
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-	The Byzantines also introduced a chapter division of sorts, called ''Kephalaia''. It is not identical to the present chapters.	+
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-	The current division of the Bible into chapters, however, and the verse numbers within the chapters, have no basis in any ancient textual tradition. Rather, they are medieval Christian inventions. They were later adopted by the Jews too as technical references within the Hebrew text. Such technical references became crucial to medieval rabbis in the historical context of forced debates with Christian clergy (who used the chapter and verse numbers), especially in late medieval Spain. Chapter divisions were first used by Jews in a 1330 manuscript, and for a printed edition in 1516. However, for the past generation most Jewish editions of the complete [[Hebrew Bible]] have made a systematic effort to relegate chapter and verse numbers to the margins of the text.	+
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-	The division of the Bible into chapters and verses has often elicited severe criticism (from both traditionalists and modern scholars alike). Critics charge that the text is often divided into chapters in an incoherent way, or at inappropriate points within the narrative, and that it encourages citing passages out of context, in effect turning the Bible into a kind of textual quarry for clerical citations. Nevertheless, even the critics admit that the chapter divisions and verse numbers have become indispensable as technical references for Bible study.	+
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-	[[Stephen Langton]] is reputed to have been the first person to put the chapter divisions into a Vulgate edition of the Bible in 1205. They came into the Greek manuscripts of the New Testament in the 1400s. [[Robert Estienne]] (Robert Stephanus) was the first to number the verses within each chaper; his verse numbers entered printed editions in 1565 (New Testament) and 1571 (Hebrew Bible).[http://www.fuller.edu/ministry/berean/chs_vss.htm][http://www.theexaminer.org/history/chap6.htm]	+
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-	== Biblical interpretation==	+
-	(Jewish, Christian, Islamic opinion of the text. Eastern. Western, influence of philosophy, fundamentalism, patristic interpretation, medieval interpretation, Reformation, Roman Catholic, Orthodox, inerrancy, biblical theology, inspiration, rationalism, translations, hermeneutics )	+
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-	A wealth of additional stories and legends amplifying the accounts in the [[Tanakh]] (Hebrew Bible) can be found in the Jewish genre of rabbinical exegesis known as [[Midrash]].	+
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-	Throughout antiquity and the medieval periods, allegorical methods of interpretation were popular. The earliest use of these was probably [[Philo Judaeus]], who attempted to make Jewish halakah palatable to the Greek mind by interpreting it as symbolising philosophical doctrines. Allegorical interpretation was adopted by Christians, and continued in popularity until a reaction against it during the Reformation, and it has not since found much favour in [[Western Christianity]].	+
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-	The [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] generally follows a patristic method of interpretation, attempting to interpret scripture in the same way that the early church fathers did. It also interprets scripture liturgically. This means that the passages that are publicly read on certain days of the [[liturgical year]] are significant, especially on feast days, and are intended to guide people in their interpretation as they are praying together. Since it was members of the Church who wrote the [[New Testament]] and a series of church councils that decided the biblical canon, the Orthodox believe that the Church should also be the final authority in its interpretation. This often includes allegorical interpretations.	+
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-	The [[pesher]] method of interpretation, which views biblical passages as coded representations of events current to the writing of the passage, was recently (1992) put forward by Barbara Thiering, Ph.D. It is not taken seriously by most experts.	+
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-	==The Bible and history==	+
-	The absence of independent evidence confirming some of the biblical narratives has caused some scholars to question the accuracy or even the historicity of these accounts. For instance, many historians view the Biblical patriarchs, Moses, King David, and King Solomon as little more than legendary figures, though possibly based on historical events and persons. Today there are two loosely defined schools of thought with regard to the historicity of the Bible (biblical minimalism and biblical maximalism) with many in between, in addition to the traditional religious reading of the Bible. This subject is discussed in its own entry, [[The Bible and history]].	+
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-	Several professors of archeology claim that many stories in the Old Testament, including important chronicles about Abraham, Moses, Solomon, and others, were actually made up for the first time by scribes hired by King Josiah (7th century BCE) in order to rationalize monotheistc belief in Yahweh. Evidently, the neighboring countries that kept many written records, such as Egypt, Assyria, etc., have no writings about the stories of the Bible or its main characters before 650 BCE. Such claims are detailed in "Who Were the Early Israelites?" by William G. Dever, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., Grand Rapids, MI (2003). Another such book by Neil A. Silberman and colleagues is "The Bible Unearthed," Simon and Schuster, New York (2001).	+
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-	== The supernatural in monotheistic religions ==	+
-	Many modern [[Scientific skepticism|skeptical]] readers of the Bible hold that its authors gradually reinterpreted historical and natural events as miraculous or supernatural. The article on [[The supernatural in monotheistic religions]] thus concerns itself with the junction between monotheistic religions, such as [[Christianity]] and [[Judaism]] and the supernatural.	+
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-	==See also==	+
-	* [[American Bible Society]]	+
-	* [[British and Foreign Bible Society]]	+
-	* [[The Bible and history]]	+
-	* [[Bible and reincarnation]]	+
-	* [[Bible errata]]	+
-	* [[Bible translations]]	+
-	* [[Biblical canon]]	+
-	* [[Biblical inerrancy]]	+
-	* [[Books of the Bible]]	+
-	* [[Dating the Bible]]	+
-	* [[Ecumenical council]]	+
-	* [[First Bible Stories]]	+
-	* [[Gutenberg Bible]]	+
-	* [[History of the English Bible]]	+
-	* [[Jefferson Bible]]	+
-	* [[Jewish Biblical exegesis]]	+
-	* [[Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible]]	+
-	* [[Koran]]	+
-	* [[List of Biblical names]]	+
-	* [[List of Biblical passages]]	+
-	* [[List of Bible passages of other than theological interest]]	+
-	* [[List of movies based on the Bible]]	+
-	* [[Similarities between the Bible and the Qur'an]]	+
-	* [[Study Bible]]	+
-	* [[Tanakh]]	+
-	* [[The Sword Project]]	+
-	* [[Ten Commandments]]	+
-	* [[William Morgan (Bible translator)]]	+
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-	==External links==	+
-	{{wikiquote}}	+
-	*[http://www.chc.org.sg City Harvest Bible Training Center]	+
-	*[http://www.daybydaybible.com DayByDay Bible - Daily Bible Reading] - Bible in a Year Website	+
-	*[http://www.biblekeeper.com Bible Keeper - Online Bible Study Tools] - Index of several online Bibles in many languages.	+
-	*[http://thebibletool.com/ The Bible Tool] - contains a huge collection of bible texts, commentaries, glossaries, and dictionaries.	+
-	*[http://bible.gospelcom.net/ The Bible Gateway] - Free online Bible in many translations and encompassing literally 40 different languages.	+
-	* [http://www.blueletterbible.org Blue Letter Bible] - On-line interactive reference library with tools to usefully dig into original meanings of words in original Biblical languages.	+
-	*[http://www.christnotes.org/bible.asp Bible Search] - multiple translations of the Bible in searchable format	+
-	*[http://king-james-bible.classic-literature.co.uk/ King James Bible ] - HTML version of this title.	+
-	*[http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/10 King James Bible] - plain vanilla text from [[Project Gutenberg]]	+
-	*[http://www.skepticsannotatedbible.com/ The Skeptic's Annotated Bible] - a version of the Bible annotated from a skeptical point of view.	+
-	*[http://www.bible.org/netbible/ The New English Translation] - The first Bible made for the Internet.	+
-	*[http://online.recoveryversion.org/ The Recovery Version New Testament] - a recent translation (1991) produced by [[Living Stream Ministries]] ; includes extensive footnotes prepared by [[Witness Lee]], founder of [[Living Stream Ministries]], cross references, and outlines for Christian study	+
-	*[http://www.ebible.org/ The World English Bible] - a Public Domain (no copyright) Modern English translation of the Holy Bible, based on the American Standard Version of the Holy Bible first published in 1901, the Biblia Hebraica Stutgartensa Old Testament, and the Greek Majority Text New Testament. It is in draft form, and currently being edited for accuracy and readability.	+
-	*[http://davies-linguistics.byu.edu/polyglot/ The Polyglot Bible] - allows the user to view parallel versions of the Bible in numerous ancient and modern languages.	+
-	*[http://www.ccel.org/bible_names/title.html "An Interpreting Dictionary of Scripture Proper Names"] - from ''Hitchcock's New and Complete Analysis of the Holy Bible''	+
-	*[http://cyberbuzz.gatech.edu/catholic/scriptures/saxon-bible.html Old English Bible] - Links to portions of the Bible in Old English.	+
-	*[http://www.centerplace.org/hs/iv/ "The Inspired Version"] - by Joseph Smith Jr.	+
-	*[http://www.flamingfire.com/bible.html The Flaming Fire Illustrated Bible] - a wikipedia-like attempt to illustrate each verse of the Bible.	+
-	*[http://www.thereverend.com/brick_testament The Brick Testament] - Scenes from the Bible staged by Lego characters	+
-	*[http://www.wikibible.com Wiki Bible] - future home of wiki bible (currently it is just a search engine of Bible Tools)	+
-	*[http://sources.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible,_English,_King_James King James Version] - at WikiSource	+
-	*[http://vulsearch.sourceforge.net/ VulSearch: Latin Vulgate freeware with Douay-Rheims English text]	+
-	*[http://www.biblekeeper.com Bibliology] - The Doctrine of the Written Word.	+
-	*[http://www.watchtower.org/library/rbi8/ New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures] - New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures in the Web	+
-	*[http://www.ccreadbible.org/ John Duns Scotus Bible Reading Promotion Center] - website to promote Chinese Catholic bible reading.	+
-	*[http://digidol.llgc.org.uk/METS/BWM00001/beibl?locale=en Welsh language Bible of 1588] View digital images of the entire Bible online (digital images of the actual book printed in 1588).	+
-	*[http://en.thinkexist.com/quotes/bible/ Bible Quotes]	+
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-	=== Catholic Online Bibles ===	+
-	*[http://www.scriptours.com/bible/ Online Douay-Rheims Bible]	+
-	*[http://www.drbo.org/ Douay-Rheims Bible Online] - Complete text with the Challoner footnotes, index and search engine.	+
-	*[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/index.htm The New American Bible] - Catholic translation authorized by the United States Council of Catholic Bishops.	+
-	*[http://www.ccreadbible.org/Chinese%20Bible/ The Chinese Catholic Bible] - Chinese translation of Catholic Bible.	+
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-	[[Category:Christian texts]]	+
-	[[Category:Latter Day Saint texts]]	+
-	[[Category:Christian Science texts]]	+
-	[[Category:Religious texts]]	+
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Current revision

1. REDIRECT Christian Bible

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