Christian Bible

(Revision as of 01:14, 25 Oct 2004)

The Bible is the primary sacred scripture of both the Jewish and Christian religions. These scriptures are compilations of what were originally separate documents (called "books") written over a long period of time. The first selection, which later formed the Jewish Bible (Tanakh) consisted of 39 books, and falls into three sections: The Law (Torah), The Prophets (Neviim), and The Writings (Ketuvim or Hagiographa). The Christian Bible reordered much of the Tanakh and added a few more books, calling it the Old Testament. Later additions after the birth of Jesus (27 Books) make up the New Testament.

Table of contents

1 Structure of the Bible

Structure of the Bible

The Hebrew Tanakh and the Christian Old Testament are largely the same exept in order, although some versions of the OT include books that the Tanakh doesn’t. This article focuses on the Christian Bible (see Tanakh for more on the Hebrew Bible). The canonical list of the Books of the Bible differs between Jews, Catholics, Protestants, and Orthodox, even though there is a great deal of overlap.

The general structure of the Bible, including all the various components are:

The Old Testament or Septuagint

Pentateuch
- Genesis – Exodus – Leviticus – Numbers - Deuteronomy
Historical books
- Joshua – Judges – Ruth - 1 Samuel - 2 Samuel - 1 Kings - 2 Kings - 1 Chronicles - 2 Chronicles - Ezra - 1 Esdras - Nehemiah - Tobit - Judith - Esther - 1 Maccabees - 2 Maccabees - 3 Maccabees - 4 Maccabees
Wisdom books
- Job – Psalms – Odes – Proverbs - Ecclesiastes - Song of Solomon - Wisdom – Sirach - Psalms of Solomon
Major prophets
- Isaiah – Jeremiah – Lamentations – Baruch - Letter of Jeremiah - Ezekiel - Daniel
Minor prophets
- Hosea – Joel – Amos – Obadiah – Jonah – Micah – Nahum – Habakkuk – Zephaniah – Haggai – Zechariah - Malachi

The New Testament

The Gospels
- Matthew - Mark - Luke - John
History of the Apostles
- Acts
Epistles
- (The Letters of Paul) Romans - 1 Corinthians - 2 Corinthians - Galatians – Ephesians – Philippians – Colossians – 1 Thessalonians - 2 Thessalonians - 1 Timothy - 2 Timothy – Titus - Philemon
- (The General Letters) Hebrews – James - 1 Peter - 2 Peter - 1 John - 2 John - 3 John - Jude
Prophecy
- Revelation

See also: Deuterocanomical books ("second canon"), Apocrypha (non-canonical), Nag Hammadi Library, Dead Sea Scrolls

The Old Testament

The Hebrew scriptures of the Bible—portions of which contain stories traditionally held to be historical accounts of much of the early history of the Hebrew Nation—teach that there is one God, Jehovah, "Creator of Heaven and Earth" who created Man "in his own image", and details the relationship between Man and his Creator.

The Old Testament has as many as 52 Books, depending on which version you look at, and is also called the Septuagint—Greek translation of the Jewish scriptures from the second century B.C. Most Protestants omit some of these works, roughly following the second century A.D. Jewish canon called the Tanakh, but with some reorderings. Within Christianity, there is not complete agreement on what the Christian Bible contains, that is, on the Biblical canon. However, this only extends to a few books—there is no dispute as to the majority of books of the Bible.

The relationship between the Old Testament and the New Testament is not fully agreed upon among Christians. The degree to which the Old Testament and its laws applies to Christians is disputed. Very few Christians, for example, follow the dietary laws within the Old Testament, whereas almost all Christians believe that the Ten Commandments are applicable.

The New Testament contains many references to, and quotes from, the Old Testament, especially in relation to the fulfillment of prophecies concerning the promised messiah, whom Christians believe to be Jesus Christ. In Christian theological views, this expectation, present fulfillment and eschatological fulfillment of the divine, eternal kingdom under the headship of Jesus are the thread running through both Testaments.

The Pentateuch

The Pentateuch, Greek for "five containers", is the equivilent of the Hebrew Torah, is a Hebrew word meaning teaching, instruction, or especially Law. The Torah does not contain a complete and ordered system of legislature, but rather, a general philosophical basis, and a great number of specific laws, including the Ten Commandments. These laws are often reminiscent of the existing customs in the ancient middle east, but have important conceptual variations from them.

The book of Deuteronomy is different from the previous books; thus sometimes the first four books of the Bible are known as the Tetrateuch. The first six books of the Bible as a unit (The Pentateuch immediately followed by the book of Joshua) is sometimes referred to as the Hexateuch, as the book of Joshua picks up directly where Deuteronomy leaves off.

The New Testament

The New Testament, sometimes called the Greek Scriptures, is the name given to the part of the Christian Bible that was written after the birth of Jesus Christ. The term is a translation of the Latin Novum Testamentum, meaning "The New Covenant" or Testament. It was originally used by early Christians to describe their relationship with God and later to designate a particular collection of 27 books. For Christians, the NT is both a primary source of religious doctrine and a foundation for their spiritual beliefs. Some religious sects, notably, several of the Protestant Christian sects, believe the Bible to be the ultimate and authoritative guide in all spiritual matters, by a principle referred to as sola scriptura.

The earliest of the books of the New Testament was 1 Thessalonians, an epistle of Paul, written probably 51, or possibly Galatians in 49 according to one of two theories of its writing. Of the pseudepigraphical epistles, critical scholars tend to place them somewhere between 70 and 150, with 2 Peter usually being the latest.

In the first three centuries of the Christian Church, there was no New Testament canon that was universally recognized. Nevertheless, by the 2nd century there was a common collection of letters and gospels that a majority of church leaders considered authoritative. These contained the four gospels and many of the letters of Paul. The New Testament canon as it is now was first listed by St. Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria, in 367, in a letter written to his churches in Egypt. That canon gained wider and wider recognition until it was accepted by all at the Third Council of Carthage in 397. Even this council did not settle the matter, however. Certain books continued to be questioned, especially James and Revelation. Even as late as the 16th century, theologian and reformer Martin Luther questioned (but in the end did not reject) the Epistle of James.

External links

The Skeptic's Annotated Bible (http://www.skepticsannotatedbible.com/) —a brilliant and funny version of the Bible annotated from a skeptical point of view.
The Bible Tool (http://thebibletool.com/) - contains a huge collection of bible texts, commentaries, glossaries, and dictionaries.
The Bible Gateway (http://bible.gospelcom.net/) - Free online Bible in many translations and encompassing literally 40 different languages.
King James Bible (http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/10) - plain vanilla text from Project Gutenberg
The New English Translation (http://www.bible.org/netbible/) - The first Bible made for the Internet.
The World English Bible (http://www.ebible.org/) - a Public Domain (no copyright) Modern English translation of the Holy Bible, based on the American Standard Version of the Holy Bible first published in 1901, the Biblia Hebraica Stutgartensa Old Testament, and the Greek Majority Text New Testament. It is in draft form, and currently being edited for accuracy and readability.
The Polyglot Bible (http://davies-linguistics.byu.edu/polyglot/) - allows the user to view parallel versions of the Bible in numerous ancient and modern languages.
"An Interpreting Dictionary of Scripture Proper Names" (http://www.ccel.org/bible_names/title.html) - from Hitchcock's New and Complete Analysis of the Holy Bible

References

Wikipedia. (2004) [1] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible). Retrieved Sept. 22, 2004.
___. (2004) [2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentateuch). Retrieved Sept. 22, 2004.
___. (2004) [3] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_of_the_Bible). Retrieved Sept. 22, 2004.
___. (2004) [4] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament). Retrieved Sept. 22, 2004.

Retrieved from "http://thelemapedia.org/index.php/Christian_Bible"