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'''Mandaeanism''' is a pre-[[Christianity|Christian]] religion which has been classified by scholars as [[Gnosticism|Gnostic]].

Since the 1st century AD the Mandaeans (''Mandai'') have mainly lived in the borderland areas of Iraq and Iran. Many have fled the region since the 1990s due to the unstable political climate and have immigrated worldwide. There is no official census of the Mandaeans; conservative guesses at current population size have been made in the range of 50,000 to 70,000.  

In reference to their connection to the [[Qur'an]] as the Sabians, Mandaeans are called ''Subi'' by their [[Islam|Muslim]] neighbors. The Mandaeans have also been called the "Christians of [[St. John]]" (a misnomer, since they are not [[Christianity|Christian]]s) based on a comment made by Portuguese monks in the 16th century. The Mandaeans may also be the same "Nasoraeans" indicated in the works of Epiphanius. The Mandaeans have remained separate and intensely private&mdash;what has been reported of them has mostly come from outsiders. 

The Mandaeans are labeled as gnostics due to the Mandaic word ''manda,'' which can be translated as ''knowledge'', the same word as "[[gnosis]]" in Greek. Thus Mandaeanism can be seen as  a "Gnostic" religion. It is the only remaining Gnostic religion excluding revivals like the Manichaean Orthodox Church [http://essenes.net] still in practice. 

Part of the Mandaean ritual dress, called a ''rasta'', includes a white turban symbolizing the great mystery of radiance, light and glory.

==Mandaean beliefs==

The Mandaean religion has a more strict [[dualistic]] nature than most Gnosticism. Instead of a large [[pleroma]], for the Mandaeans there exists a clearer division between ''light'' and ''darkness''. The ruler of darkness is called ''Ptahil'' (similar to the Gnostic [[Demiurge]]), and the originator of the light (i.e. God) is only known as "the great first Life from the worlds of light, the sublime one that stands above all works". When this being emanated, other spiritual beings became increasingly corrupted, and they and their ruler Ptahil created our world.

Mandaeans believe that [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[Jesus]], and [[Mohammed]] were false [[prophet]]s; instead they acknowledge [[John the Baptist]], whom they see as one of their greatest teachers.  There is some confusion that the Mandaeans came after John the Baptist, while in fact they existed before him; according to Mandaean dogma, Mandaeanism was the original religion of [[Adam]]. In the Mandaean library of scriptures there is a book of John called ''Sidra d Yahia'', which includes a dialogue between John and [[Jesus]]. They also have a hierarchical clergy, practice frequent baptism, and hold public worship on Sundays.  They deplore fasting and monasticism, and believe in peace above all. 

There are many Mandaean scriptures, the most important being the ''Ginza Rba,'' a collection of history, theology, and prayers.  On the Internet, the ''Ginza Rba'' is often confused with the ''Qolusta'', which was translated by E.S. Drower in her book titled "The Canonical Prayerbook of the Mandaeans." The language used is called [[Mandaic]], a language closely related to Aramaic.

==Influences==

According to the ''Fihrist'' of ibn al-Nadim, [[Manes|Mani]], the founder of [[Manichaeism]], was brought up within the Elkasite (''Elchasaite'') sect. The Elchasaites were a Christian baptismal sect which may have been related to the Mandaeans. The members of this sect, like the Mandaeans, wore white and performed baptisms. They dwelled in east Palestine and northern Mesopotamia, from where the Mandaeans migrated to southern Mesopotamia, according to the Harran Gawaitha legend. Mani later left the Elkasaites to found his own religion. In a  remarkable comparative analysis, Mandaean scholar Säve-Söderberg demonstrated that Mani's ''Psalms of Thomas'' were closely related to Mandaean texts. This would imply that Mani had access to Mandaean religious literature. This leads to the question of just how close the origins of the Elchasaites, Mani, and the Mandaeans are to one other.

==External links==
*[http://www.mandaeans.org/ Mandaeans.org] - Majority of the information is in Arabic.  Nice site from the United Kingdom.
*[http://www.mandaeanworld.com Mandaean World]- Information on the Mandaeans including history, the Mandaic language and Literature
*[http://www.gnosis.org/library/mand.htm Mandaean scriptures]: ''Ginza Rba'' and ''Haran Gawaitha'' texts and fragments -- Take note the book titled Ginza Rba is not the Ginza Rba but is instead "The Canonical Prayerbook of the Mandaeans" as translated by E.S Drower.
*[http://www.essene.com/B%27nai-Amen/vjohnIndex.htm Mandaean Book of John the Baptizer]: This material is taken from G.R.S Mead's book called ''The Mandaean Book of John the Baptizer''.
*[http://www.farvardyn.com/mandaean.php Extracts from E. S. Drower, ''Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran,'' Leiden, 1962]

==References==
*Wikipedia. (2005). ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaeanism Mandaeanism]''. Retrieved on July 15. 2005.