Dionysus - Revision history

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References

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	*Otto, W.F. (1981). ''Dionysus: Myth and Cult.'' Dallas: Spring Publications.		*Otto, W.F. (1981). ''Dionysus: Myth and Cult.'' Dallas: Spring Publications.
	*Nietzsche, Friedrich. (1999). ''The Birth of Tragedy.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University.		*Nietzsche, Friedrich. (1999). ''The Birth of Tragedy.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University.
			*Pryse, James Morgan. (1995). ''The Adorers of Dionysos (Bakchai).'' Kila: Kessinger.
	*Rabelais, Francois. (1955). ''The Works of Rabelais.'' New York: Tudor Publishing Co.		*Rabelais, Francois. (1955). ''The Works of Rabelais.'' New York: Tudor Publishing Co.
	*Weinberg, Florence M. (1972). ''The Wine and the Will: Rabelais' Bacchic Christianity.'' Detroit: Wayne State University.		*Weinberg, Florence M. (1972). ''The Wine and the Will: Rabelais' Bacchic Christianity.'' Detroit: Wayne State University.

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Other Thelemic Mentions of Dionysus

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	==Other Thelemic Mentions of Dionysus==		==Other Thelemic Mentions of Dionysus==

	In his "Notes for an Astral Atlas" (an appendix to ''Magick''), Crowley used Dionysus as a figure of the [[Holy Guardian Angel]]:		The Theosophist James Morgan Pryse wrote that Dionysus "is the personification of man's Immortal Self." Likewise, in his "Notes for an Astral Atlas" (an appendix to ''Magick''), Crowley used Dionysus as a figure of the [[Holy Guardian Angel]]:

	:Bacchus, divine and human! Bacchus, begotten on Semele of Zeus, the adulterous Lord of Thunder ravishing, brutally, his virginal victim! Bacchus, babe hidden from hate in the most holy of holies, the secret of thy sire, in the Channel of the Star-Spate, Whereof one Serpent is thy soul! Bacchus, twy-formed, man-woman, Bacchus, whose innocence tames the Tiger, while yet thy horns drip blood upon thy mouth, and sharpen the merriment of wine to the madness of murder! Bacchus, Thy thyrsus oozes sap; thine ivy clings to it; thy Lion-skin slips from thy sleek shoulders, slips from thy lissome loins; drunk on delight of the godly grape, thou knowest no more the burden of the body and the vexation of the spirit.		:Bacchus, divine and human! Bacchus, begotten on Semele of Zeus, the adulterous Lord of Thunder ravishing, brutally, his virginal victim! Bacchus, babe hidden from hate in the most holy of holies, the secret of thy sire, in the Channel of the Star-Spate, Whereof one Serpent is thy soul! Bacchus, twy-formed, man-woman, Bacchus, whose innocence tames the Tiger, while yet thy horns drip blood upon thy mouth, and sharpen the merriment of wine to the madness of murder! Bacchus, Thy thyrsus oozes sap; thine ivy clings to it; thy Lion-skin slips from thy sleek shoulders, slips from thy lissome loins; drunk on delight of the godly grape, thou knowest no more the burden of the body and the vexation of the spirit.

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Dionysos as True Christ

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	:Yet I give more than Bacchus and Apollo; my gifts exceed the olive and the horse.		:Yet I give more than Bacchus and Apollo; my gifts exceed the olive and the horse.

	==~~Dionysos~~ as True Christ==		==Dionysus as True Christ==

	From the very earliest age of [[Christianity]], comparisons were made between Jesus and Dionysus. The Orphic cults of Dionysus, with their similar emphases on martyrdom and resurrection, sacramental meals, a savior of divine paternity, and personal redemption, predated and competed with Christianity. As a result, early Christian writings are ambivalent towards Dionysus, sometimes viewing him as pre-figuration of Jesus, and at other times indicating him and his maenads as representing the savagery of paganism.		From the very earliest age of [[Christianity]], comparisons were made between Jesus and Dionysus. The Orphic cults of Dionysus, with their similar emphases on martyrdom and resurrection, sacramental meals, a savior of divine paternity, and personal redemption, predated and competed with Christianity. As a result, early Christian writings are ambivalent towards Dionysus, sometimes viewing him as pre-figuration of Jesus, and at other times indicating him and his maenads as representing the savagery of paganism.

Paradoxosalpha: /* Other Thelemic Mentions of Dionysos */ spelling

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Other Thelemic Mentions of Dionysos: spelling

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	Crowley recognized this purported historical Magus as one of [[The Gnostic Saints]].		Crowley recognized this purported historical Magus as one of [[The Gnostic Saints]].

	==Other Thelemic Mentions of ~~Dionysos~~==		==Other Thelemic Mentions of Dionysus==

	In his "Notes for an Astral Atlas" (an appendix to ''Magick''), Crowley used ~~Dionysos~~ as a figure of the [[Holy Guardian Angel]]:		In his "Notes for an Astral Atlas" (an appendix to ''Magick''), Crowley used Dionysus as a figure of the [[Holy Guardian Angel]]:

	:Bacchus, divine and human! Bacchus, begotten on Semele of Zeus, the adulterous Lord of Thunder ravishing, brutally, his virginal victim! Bacchus, babe hidden from hate in the most holy of holies, the secret of thy sire, in the Channel of the Star-Spate, Whereof one Serpent is thy soul! Bacchus, twy-formed, man-woman, Bacchus, whose innocence tames the Tiger, while yet thy horns drip blood upon thy mouth, and sharpen the merriment of wine to the madness of murder! Bacchus, Thy thyrsus oozes sap; thine ivy clings to it; thy Lion-skin slips from thy sleek shoulders, slips from thy lissome loins; drunk on delight of the godly grape, thou knowest no more the burden of the body and the vexation of the spirit.		:Bacchus, divine and human! Bacchus, begotten on Semele of Zeus, the adulterous Lord of Thunder ravishing, brutally, his virginal victim! Bacchus, babe hidden from hate in the most holy of holies, the secret of thy sire, in the Channel of the Star-Spate, Whereof one Serpent is thy soul! Bacchus, twy-formed, man-woman, Bacchus, whose innocence tames the Tiger, while yet thy horns drip blood upon thy mouth, and sharpen the merriment of wine to the madness of murder! Bacchus, Thy thyrsus oozes sap; thine ivy clings to it; thy Lion-skin slips from thy sleek shoulders, slips from thy lissome loins; drunk on delight of the godly grape, thou knowest no more the burden of the body and the vexation of the spirit.
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	In ''Magick Without Tears'', Crowley identified "the legend of Dionysus" as the point of inception for the "White tradition" among the "Three Schools" of magick. (Letter 7)		In ''Magick Without Tears'', Crowley identified "the legend of Dionysus" as the point of inception for the "White tradition" among the "Three Schools" of magick. (Letter 7)

	The "method of ~~Dionysos~~" and "invoking ~~Dionysos~~" are often references to intoxication by wine particularly, or drugs in general, as written in Crowley's ''Confessions,'' and in his technical essay "[http://www.hermetic.com/crowley/libers/lib811.html Energized Enthusiasm]."		The "method of Dionysus" and "invoking Dionysus" are often references to intoxication by wine particularly, or drugs in general, as written in Crowley's ''Confessions,'' and in his technical essay "[http://www.hermetic.com/crowley/libers/lib811.html Energized Enthusiasm]."

	The name Dionysus has been a popular mantonym among Thelemic magicians. One significant example is Frank Bennett (1868-1930), who used it as Crowley's O.T.O. Viceroy to Australia.		The name Dionysus has been a popular mantonym among Thelemic magicians. One significant example is Frank Bennett (1868-1930), who used it as Crowley's O.T.O. Viceroy to Australia.

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Worship: add link

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	In surviving depictions of Dionysiac cult activity, the god is often represented by a mask suspended on a pole. Dionysus's characteristic worshippers were bands of women, called ''maenads'' or ''bacchae''. These women were said to perform the ceremonies of Dionysus in the wilderness in the early introduction of the cult. Among the male worshippers of Dionysus, the records suggest ritual transvestitism as a component of the cult.		In surviving depictions of Dionysiac cult activity, the god is often represented by a mask suspended on a pole. Dionysus's characteristic worshippers were bands of women, called ''maenads'' or ''bacchae''. These women were said to perform the ceremonies of Dionysus in the wilderness in the early introduction of the cult. Among the male worshippers of Dionysus, the records suggest ritual transvestitism as a component of the cult.

	According to Forlong, the Corinthians worshipped Bakkhos as a ten foot tall gold [[phallus]], with a star on the top.		According to [[Forlong dux\|Forlong]], the Corinthians worshipped Bakkhos as a ten foot tall gold [[phallus]], with a star on the top.

	Dionysus was strongly associated with the satyrs, centaurs and sileni. He always carried a thyrsus. The grapevine and its wild barren alter-ego, the toxic ivy plant, were both sacred to him, the fig was also his. The pine cone that tipped his thyrsus linked him to Cybele, and the pomegranate linked him to Demeter.		Dionysus was strongly associated with the satyrs, centaurs and sileni. He always carried a thyrsus. The grapevine and its wild barren alter-ego, the toxic ivy plant, were both sacred to him, the fig was also his. The pine cone that tipped his thyrsus linked him to Cybele, and the pomegranate linked him to Demeter.

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titles, phallic idol

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	{{saint}}		{{saint}}

	'''Dionysus''' (or Dionysos, Iacchus or ~~Iacchos~~, or ~~Bacchus~~, and also identified with the Italic Liber), ~~the Greek god of wine,~~ represented not only the intoxicating power of wine, but also its social and beneficent influences. He was viewed as the promoter of civilization, a lawgiver, and lover of peace — as well as the patron deity of both agriculture and the theater.		The Greek god '''Dionysus''' (or Dionysos, Iacchus or Iakkhos, Bacchus or Bakkhos, and also identified with the Italic Liber), represented not only the intoxicating power of wine, but also its social and beneficent influences, and the vital energies expressed in the growth of trees and vines. He was viewed as the promoter of civilization, a lawgiver, and lover of peace — as well as the patron deity of both agriculture and the theater.

	~~Within the Olympian tradition~~, ~~Dionysus was made to be the son of Zeus~~ and ~~Semele; other versions of the story contend that he was the son of Zeus and Persephone~~.		Among his many titles were Firstborn (''Protogonos''), Fire-born, Roarer (''Bromios''), Twy-form (''Diphues''), Rain Giver, Flowery (''Antheus''), Fruity (''Karpios''), Black Footed, Two-Mothered (''Bimater''), and Torn Asunder (''Sparagmos'').


	==Worship==		==Worship==

	Dionysus was a god of mystery religious rites, such as those practiced in honor of Demeter and Persephone at Eleusis near Athens. In the Thracian mysteries, he wore the "bassaris" or fox-skin, symbolizing new life.		Dionysus was a god of mystery religious rites, such as those practiced in honor of Demeter and Persephone at Eleusis near Athens. In the Thracian mysteries, he wore the ''bassaris'' or fox-skin, symbolizing new life.

	Many scholars believe that Dionysus was a fusion of a local Greek nature deity and a more powerful god from Thrace or Phrygia such as Sabazios.		Many scholars believe that Dionysus was a fusion of a local Greek nature deity and a more powerful god from Thrace or Phrygia such as Sabazios.
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	In surviving depictions of Dionysiac cult activity, the god is often represented by a mask suspended on a pole. Dionysus's characteristic worshippers were bands of women, called ''maenads'' or ''bacchae''. These women were said to perform the ceremonies of Dionysus in the wilderness in the early introduction of the cult. Among the male worshippers of Dionysus, the records suggest ritual transvestitism as a component of the cult.		In surviving depictions of Dionysiac cult activity, the god is often represented by a mask suspended on a pole. Dionysus's characteristic worshippers were bands of women, called ''maenads'' or ''bacchae''. These women were said to perform the ceremonies of Dionysus in the wilderness in the early introduction of the cult. Among the male worshippers of Dionysus, the records suggest ritual transvestitism as a component of the cult.

			According to Forlong, the Corinthians worshipped Bakkhos as a ten foot tall gold [[phallus]], with a star on the top.

	Dionysus was strongly associated with the satyrs, centaurs and sileni. He always carried a thyrsus. The grapevine and its wild barren alter-ego, the toxic ivy plant, were both sacred to him, the fig was also his. The pine cone that tipped his thyrsus linked him to Cybele, and the pomegranate linked him to Demeter.		Dionysus was strongly associated with the satyrs, centaurs and sileni. He always carried a thyrsus. The grapevine and its wild barren alter-ego, the toxic ivy plant, were both sacred to him, the fig was also his. The pine cone that tipped his thyrsus linked him to Cybele, and the pomegranate linked him to Demeter.
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	==Dionysos as True Christ==		==Dionysos as True Christ==

	From the very earliest age of [[Christianity]], comparisons were made between Jesus and Dionysus. The Orphic cults of Dionysus, with their ~~emphasis~~ on martyrdom and resurrection, sacramental meals, a savior of divine paternity, and personal redemption, predated and competed with Christianity. As a result, early Christian writings are ambivalent towards Dionysus, sometimes viewing him as pre-figuration of Jesus, and at other times indicating him and his maenads as representing the savagery of paganism.		From the very earliest age of [[Christianity]], comparisons were made between Jesus and Dionysus. The Orphic cults of Dionysus, with their similar emphases on martyrdom and resurrection, sacramental meals, a savior of divine paternity, and personal redemption, predated and competed with Christianity. As a result, early Christian writings are ambivalent towards Dionysus, sometimes viewing him as pre-figuration of Jesus, and at other times indicating him and his maenads as representing the savagery of paganism.

	In the Renaissance, Dionysus served as a divine symbol for magically-oriented humanists like Pico della Mirandola and Cornelius Agrippa. The writings of Thelemic harbinger [[Francois Rabelais]] identify Bacchus with Christ. The last of Rabelais' books culminates in events at a great temple of Bacchus, Pan and Silenus.		In the Renaissance, Dionysus served as a divine symbol for magically-oriented humanists like Pico della Mirandola and Cornelius Agrippa. The writings of Thelemic harbinger [[Francois Rabelais]] identify Bacchus with Christ. The last of Rabelais' books culminates in events at a great temple of Bacchus, Pan and Silenus.
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	*Danielou, Alain. (1992). ''Gods of Love and Ecstasy: The Traditions of Shiva and Dionysus.'' Rochester: Inner Traditions International.		*Danielou, Alain. (1992). ''Gods of Love and Ecstasy: The Traditions of Shiva and Dionysus.'' Rochester: Inner Traditions International.
	*Evans, Arthur. (1988). ''The God of Ecstasy: Sex-Roles and the Madness of Dionysos.'' New York: St. Martin's.		*Evans, Arthur. (1988). ''The God of Ecstasy: Sex-Roles and the Madness of Dionysos.'' New York: St. Martin's.
			*Forlong, J.G.R. (1964). "Bakkhos" and "Dionusos" in ''Faiths of Man: Encyclopedia of Religions.'' New Hyde Park: University Books.
			*Hall, Manly P. (1964). "The Myth of Dionysius" in ''The Dionysian Artificers.'' Los Angeles: Philosophical Research Society.
	*Harrison, Jane. (1980). ''Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion.'' London: Merlin Press.		*Harrison, Jane. (1980). ''Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion.'' London: Merlin Press.
	*Kerenyi, Carl. (1976). ''Dionysos: Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life.'' Princeton: Princeton University.		*Kerenyi, Carl. (1976). ''Dionysos: Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life.'' Princeton: Princeton University.

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Ariadne

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	==Ariadne==		==Ariadne==

	Ariadne, the daughter of the Cretan king Minos, was the wife of ~~Dionysos~~. Although she was mortal when the god married her, she was apotheosized through her union with him. She was worshipped in her own right on Cyprus, where her cult was fused with that of [[Aphrodite]]. According to Plutarch, the Cypran festival in her honor included a ritual in which a young man would act the part of a woman giving birth. The characteristic ornament of Ariadne is a crown which comes from the sea.		Ariadne, the daughter of the Cretan king Minos, was the wife of Dionysus. Although she was mortal when the god married her, she was apotheosized through her union with him. She was worshipped in her own right on Cyprus, where her cult was fused with that of [[Aphrodite]]. According to Plutarch, the Cypran festival in her honor included a ritual in which a young man would act the part of a woman giving birth. The characteristic ornament of Ariadne is a crown which comes from the sea.

	==Midas==		==Midas==

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Dionysos as True Christ

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	In the Renaissance, Dionysus served as a divine symbol for magically-oriented humanists like Pico della Mirandola and Cornelius Agrippa. The writings of Thelemic harbinger [[Francois Rabelais]] identify Bacchus with Christ. The last of Rabelais' books culminates in events at a great temple of Bacchus, Pan and Silenus.		In the Renaissance, Dionysus served as a divine symbol for magically-oriented humanists like Pico della Mirandola and Cornelius Agrippa. The writings of Thelemic harbinger [[Francois Rabelais]] identify Bacchus with Christ. The last of Rabelais' books culminates in events at a great temple of Bacchus, Pan and Silenus.

	[[Friedrich Nietzsche]] distinguished his own philosophy of Will by an ~~attempt~~ to incorporate "the Dionysiac World View." In "An Attempt at Self-Criticism" prefaced to his ''Birth of Tragedy,'' he notes		[[Friedrich Nietzsche]] distinguished his own philosophy of Will by an effort to incorporate "the Dionysiac World View." In "An Attempt at Self-Criticism" prefaced to his ''Birth of Tragedy,'' he notes

	:Thus my instinct turned ''against'' morality at the time I wrote this questionable book; as an advocate of life my instinct invented for itself a fundamentally opposed doctrine and counter-evaluation of life, a purely artistic one, an ''anti-Christian'' one. What was it to be called? As a philologist and man of words I baptized it, not without a certain liberty--for who can know the true name of the Antichrist?--by the name of a Greek god: I called it ''Dionysiac''. (p. 9)		:Thus my instinct turned ''against'' morality at the time I wrote this questionable book; as an advocate of life my instinct invented for itself a fundamentally opposed doctrine and counter-evaluation of life, a purely artistic one, an ''anti-Christian'' one. What was it to be called? As a philologist and man of words I baptized it, not without a certain liberty--for who can know the true name of the Antichrist?--by the name of a Greek god: I called it ''Dionysiac''. (p. 9)
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	:But Dionysus, by the Word INRI, laid the Foundations of all Science, as we say Science to-day in a particular Sense, that is, of causing external Nature to change in Harmony with our Wills.		:But Dionysus, by the Word INRI, laid the Foundations of all Science, as we say Science to-day in a particular Sense, that is, of causing external Nature to change in Harmony with our Wills.

	Crowley recognized this historical Magus as one of [[The Gnostic Saints]].		Crowley recognized this purported historical Magus as one of [[The Gnostic Saints]].

	==Other Thelemic Mentions of Dionysos==		==Other Thelemic Mentions of Dionysos==

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template

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	{{greekgods}}		{{greekgods}}
			{{saint}}

	'''Dionysus''' (or Dionysos, Iacchus or Iacchos, or Bacchus, and also identified with the Italic Liber), the Greek god of wine, represented not only the intoxicating power of wine, but also its social and beneficent influences. He was viewed as the promoter of civilization, a lawgiver, and lover of peace — as well as the patron deity of both agriculture and the theater.		'''Dionysus''' (or Dionysos, Iacchus or Iacchos, or Bacchus, and also identified with the Italic Liber), the Greek god of wine, represented not only the intoxicating power of wine, but also its social and beneficent influences. He was viewed as the promoter of civilization, a lawgiver, and lover of peace — as well as the patron deity of both agriculture and the theater.

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added ==Ariadne==

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	Dionysus was a god of mystery religious rites, such as those practiced in honor of Demeter and Persephone at Eleusis near Athens. In the Thracian mysteries, he wore the "bassaris" or fox-skin, symbolizing new life.		Dionysus was a god of mystery religious rites, such as those practiced in honor of Demeter and Persephone at Eleusis near Athens. In the Thracian mysteries, he wore the "bassaris" or fox-skin, symbolizing new life.

	Many scholars believe that Dionysus was a fusion of a local Greek nature deity and a more powerful god from Thrace or Phrygia such as Sabazios.		Many scholars believe that Dionysus was a fusion of a local Greek nature deity and a more powerful god from Thrace or Phrygia such as Sabazios.

	Herodotus~~, (in Histories 2:146)~~ was aware that the worship of Dionysus arrived later among the Greeks than the Olympian pantheon, for he remarks		Herodotus was aware that the worship of Dionysus arrived later among the Greeks than the Olympian pantheon, for he remarks

	:as it is, the Greek story has it that no sooner was Dionysus born than Zeus sewed him up in his thigh and carried him away to Nysa in Ethiopia beyond Egypt; and as for Pan, the Greeks do not know what became of him after his birth. It is therefore plain to me that the Greeks learned the names of these two gods later than the names of all the others, and trace the birth of both to the time when they gained the knowledge.		:as it is, the Greek story has it that no sooner was Dionysus born than Zeus sewed him up in his thigh and carried him away to Nysa in Ethiopia beyond Egypt; and as for Pan, the Greeks do not know what became of him after his birth. It is therefore plain to me that the Greeks learned the names of these two gods later than the names of all the others, and trace the birth of both to the time when they gained the knowledge. (''Histories'' 2:146)

	Many Greeks were sure that the cult of Dionysus arrived in Greece from Anatolia, but Greek concepts of where Nysa was, whether set in Anatolia, or in Libya ('away in the west beside a great ocean'), Ethiopia (Herodotus), or Arabia (Diodorus Siculus), are variable enough to suggest that a magical distant land was intended, perhaps named 'Nysa' to explain the God's unreadable name, as the 'god of Nysa.' Apollodorus seems to be following Pherecydes, who relates how the infant Dionysus, god of the grapevine, was nursed by the rain-nymphs, the Hyades at Nysa. The Anatolian Hittites' name for themselves in their own language ("Nesili") was "Nesi," however. The Hittite's influence on early Greek culture is often unappreciated.		Many Greeks were sure that the cult of Dionysus arrived in Greece from Anatolia, but Greek concepts of where Nysa was, whether set in Anatolia, or in Libya ('away in the west beside a great ocean'), Ethiopia (Herodotus), or Arabia (Diodorus Siculus), are variable enough to suggest that a magical distant land was intended, perhaps named 'Nysa' to explain the God's unreadable name, as the 'god of Nysa.' Apollodorus seems to be following Pherecydes, who relates how the infant Dionysus, god of the grapevine, was nursed by the rain-nymphs, the Hyades at Nysa. The Anatolian Hittites' name for themselves in their own language ("Nesili") was "Nesi," however. The Hittite's influence on early Greek culture is often unappreciated.
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	As a young man, Dionysus was exceptionally attractive. Once, while disguised as a mortal on a ship, the sailors attempted to kidnap him for their sexual pleasures. Dionysus mercifully turned them into dolphins but saved the captain, Acoetes, who recognized the god and tried to stop his sailors.		As a young man, Dionysus was exceptionally attractive. Once, while disguised as a mortal on a ship, the sailors attempted to kidnap him for their sexual pleasures. Dionysus mercifully turned them into dolphins but saved the captain, Acoetes, who recognized the god and tried to stop his sailors.

			==Ariadne==

			Ariadne, the daughter of the Cretan king Minos, was the wife of Dionysos. Although she was mortal when the god married her, she was apotheosized through her union with him. She was worshipped in her own right on Cyprus, where her cult was fused with that of [[Aphrodite]]. According to Plutarch, the Cypran festival in her honor included a ritual in which a young man would act the part of a woman giving birth. The characteristic ornament of Ariadne is a crown which comes from the sea.

	==Midas==		==Midas==