Ordo Templi Orientis

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Ordo Templi Orientis (O.T.O.) can be translated as Order of Oriental Templars, or Order of the Temple of the East. It is a secret, fraternal organization similar to that of Freemasonry, with a series of graded initations. For its teachings and principles of organization, it has accepted the Law of Thelema, which is expressed as “Do what thou wilt.” Thelemites believe that this Law was established with the writing of the Book of the Law by Aleister Crowley in 1904 in Cairo, Egypt.

Table of contents

1 Philosophy & Goals

2 Activities

2.1 Initiation
2.2 The Gnostic Catholic Church

2.2.1 Membership in E.G.C.

2.3 Cultural Events

3 Structure

3.1 International
3.2 National

3.2.1 Current Grand Lodges

3.3 O.T.O. Bodies

4 History

5 Legalities

6 Challenges to Leadership & Legitimacy

7 Links of Interest

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Philosophy & Goals

According to Crowley, O.T.O. is "the first of the great religious Societies to accept the Law." The rituals of O.T.O. have been entirely revised by Crowley and his successors in light of the Law of Thelema. Both within its private ceremonies and in the world at large, the Order seeks to promote the Law as the ultimate standard of human conduct and understanding.

O.T.O. was also designated as the Crowley estate, and maintains possession of Crowley's intellectual property and literary remains. As the custodian of these materials, the Order seeks to make them available to the public in definitive editions.

Even before accepting the Law, the Sovereign Sanctuary of the O.T.O. was a body that maintained a Supreme Secret, which is said to be of inestimable magical power. This secret still reposes in the Sovereign Sanctuary of the Ninth Degree, and its nature is indicated gradually by hints in the initiatory ceremonies of the Order.

In common with Freemasonry, the Theosophical Society, and many other esoteric bodies, O.T.O. espouses an ethic of Universal Brotherhood.

Of the entire system of O.T.O., Crowley wrote in Confessions:

It offers a rational basis for universal brotherhood and for universal religion. It puts forward a scientific statement which is a summary of all that is at present known about the universe by means of a simple, yet sublime symbolism, artistically arranged. It also enables each man to discover for himself his personal destiny, indicates the moral and intellectual qualities which he requires in order to fulfil it freely, and finally puts in his hands an unimaginably powerful weapon which he may use to develop in himself every faculty which he may need in his work.

The mission of O.T.O. U.S. Grand Lodge, which can largely be applied to the Order as a whole:

Ordo Templi Orientis U.S.A. is the U.S. Grand Lodge (National Section) of Ordo Templi Orientis, a hierarchical, religious membership organization. Our mission is to effect and promote the doctrines and practices of the philosophical and religious system known as Thelema, with particular emphasis on cultivating the ideals of individual liberty, self-discipline, self-knowledge, and universal brotherhood. To this end, we conduct sacramental and initiatory rites, offer guidance and instruction to our members, organize social events, and engage in educational and community service activities at locations throughout the United States.

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Activities

O.T.O. has two core areas of ritual activity: initiation into the Mysteries, and the celebration of Liber XV, the Gnostic Mass. In addition, the Order organizes lectures, classes, social events, theatrical productions and artistic exhibitions, and publishes books, journals, and newsletters.

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Initiation

Within O.T.O., the process of initiation is unlike that of many college fraternities or the military, the goal of which is to bond the individual to the group by means of ego-collapse, often via methods of pain, exhaustion, and degredation. Within O.T.O., the rituals are designed to be challenging, but in a way that honors the candidate. If bonding does occur, it does so through a conscious and willed effort on the part of the initiate. The ultimate goal of initiation in O.T.O. is "to instruct the individual by allegory and symbol in the profound mysteries of Nature, and thereby to assist each to discover his or her own true Identity."[1] (http://oto-usa.org/init.html)

O.T.O. uses a graded system, similar to that of Freemasonry. There are thirteen numbered degrees and twelve un-numbered. They are divided into three grades or "triads": the Hermit, the Lover, and the Man of Earth. The entire system is as follows:

The Man of Earth Triad
- 0°—Minerval
- I°—Man & Brother / Woman & Sister
- II°—Magician
- III°—Master Magician
- IV°—Perfect Magician & companion of the Holy Royal Arch of Enoch
- P.I.—Perfect Initiate, or Prince of Jerusalem

Outside all Triads
- Knight of the East & West

The Lover Triad
- V°—
  - Sovereign Prince Rose-Croix, and Knight of the Pelican & Eagle
  - Knight of the Red Eagle, and Member of the Senate of Knight Hermetic Philosophers
- VI°—
  - Illustrious Knight (Templar) of the Order of Kadosch, and Companion of the Holy Graal
  - Grand Inquisitor Commander, and Member of the Grand Tribunal
  - Prince of the Royal Secret
- VII°—
  - Theoreticus, and Very Illustrious Sovereign Grand Inspector General
  - Magus of Light, and Bishop of Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica
  - Grandmaster of Light, and Inspector of Rites & Degrees

The Hermit Triad
- VIII°—
  - Perfect Pontiff of the Illuminati
  - Epopt of the Illuminati
- IX°—Initiate of the Sanctuary of the Gnosis
- X°—Rex Summus Sanctissimus
- XI°—Initiate of the Eleventh Degree (This degree is technical, and has no relation to the general plan of the Order)
- XII°—Frater Superior, Caliph, and Outer Head of the Order

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The Gnostic Catholic Church

The Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica, or Gnostic Catholic Church, is the ecclesiastical arm of O.T.O. Its cental activity is the celebration of Liber XV, the Gnostic Mass. In recent years, other rites have been written and approved for use within the church. These include Baptism, Confirmation (into the Laity), and Ordination (for Deacons, Priests & Priestesses, and Bishops), and Last Rites. There are also several "unofficial" rituals that are celebrated within the context of E.G.C., including Weddings, Visitation and Administration of the Virtues to the Sick, Exorcism, and Rites for Life and Greater Feasts. Clergy in local sanctuaries can also choose to celebrate original rituals, such as "Liturgy 93 (http://www.hermetic.com/dionysos/liturgy93.htm)" or the "Feasts of the Cross-Quarters (http://www.hermetic.com/dionysos/xquart.htm)."

Membership in E.G.C.

The Clergy
- The Father/Mother of the Church (The Patriarch or Matriarch)
- The Primate (or Presiding Bishop, and is the National Grand Master General)
- Bishops (The Episcopate)
- Priests & Priestesses (The Priesthood)
- Deacons (The Diaconate)
- Novices (The Novitiate)
Lay members (The Laity)
Bishops in Amity (Advisory membership)

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Cultural Events

Other than initiations and ecclesiastical work, there are many activities that O.T.O. members can engage in. The U.S. Grand Lodge has hosted national conferences since 2000. On the local level, bodies host a wide range of events, including ritual theatre, classes & workshops, original rituals, publication of journals and books, creation of a web presence, study groups, and informal social gatherings. Some lodges have hosted smaller conferences on topics such as business aspects of O.T.O., women in Thelema, and other subjects of interest.

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Structure

The Structure of O.T.O. is outlined in several historical documents, principally the Constitution of O.T.O. (1906, revised 1917), the Constitution of M.'.M.'.M.'. (1913), and Liber 194: An Intimation With Reference to the Constitution of the Order (1919).

The governing bodies of O.T.O. include:

International Headquarters
- Presided over by the Outer Head of the Order XII° (OHO—also known as Frater Superior)
- Supreme Council (Administrative Body)
- The Sovereign Sanctuary of the Gnosis of the IX°
- The Secret Areopagus of the Illuminati of the VIII°
National Sections or Grand Lodges
- Presided over by a National Grand Master X°
- Executive Council (Administrative Body)
- The Supreme Grand Council
- The Grand Tribunal of the VI°
- The Electoral College

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International

1. International Headquarters (IHQ) is the body that governs O.T.O. worldwide. IHQ is presided over by the Outer Head of the Order (OHO—also known as Frater Superior), who possesses the XII°. Since the time of Grady McMurtry, the office of Outer Head of the Order has been associated with the title of Caliph.

2. IHQ is administered by the International Supreme Council, which consists of the Outer Head of the Order, the Secretary General, and the Treasurer General.

3. The Sovereign Sanctuary of the Gnosis consists of members who have reached the IX°. Their prime duty is to study and practice the theurgy and thaumaturgy of the degree, consisting of the Supreme Secret of the Order. The Sovereign Sanctuary is not technically a governing body, however, as a collective, it has the authority to:

ratify and overturn the rulings of the Areopagus
act as representitives of the OHO and National Grand Masters when need arises
fill the office of Revolutionary
vote within the Secret Areopagus
have some powers over the installation and removal of the OHO and National Grand Masters

4. The Secret Areopagus of the Illuminati is a philosophical Governing Body comprised of those who have reached the VIII°. It has the authority to reverse the decisions of the Grand Tribunal. It’s duties are:

compose and resolve all conflicts between any of the governing bodies of the Order
Draft and approve all Amendments to the Bylaws of the Order
Resolve disputes between the various Guilds

5. In addition to the above-listed bodies, IHQ includes a number of administrative offices including:

Revolutionaries (2)
International Initiation Secretary
EGC Secretary
Quartermasters for Asia and Europe
Rights & Permissions for the Estate of Aleister Crowley
International Archivist

The International Headquarters of O.T.O. is incorporated in California as a non-profit, tax-exempt, religious corporation under the name Ordo Templi Orientis (O.T.O.). The Board of Directors of O.T.O. U.S.A. is constituted by the Supreme Council.

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National

1. International Headquarters has the power to charter National Sections or Grand Lodges, with their own Officers and Administrative and Governing Bodies, in countries that have developed an organization large enough to support independent operations. Each Grand Lodge is presided over by a National Grand Master General, who possesses the Tenth Degree (X°).

2. A Grand Lodge is administered by an Executive Council, or Executive, which consists of the National Grand Master General, the Grand Secretary General, and the Grand Treasurer General.

3. The Supreme Grand Council consists of nine members of the VII° appointed by the National Grand Master General. It is charged with:

the government of the whole of the Lovers Grade
Hearing and deciding appeals of the decisions of the Electoral College
Hearing reports of the Sovereign Grand Inspectors General VII° as to the affairs of the Initiate members of the Lovers Grade

The National Grand Master General, the Grand Secretary General, and the Grand Treasurer General are ex officio members of the Supreme Grand Council, and consititute its Executive Committee.

4. The Grand Tribunal is composed of members of the degree of Grand Inquisitor Commander (a sub-degree of the VI°). Their primary duty is to hear and arbitrate disputes and complains not resolved at the level of Chapters and Lodges. They may also grant exemption from any consequences within O.T.O. for pursuing a civil case. They may also rule in cases of abuse of authority and membership privileges. The Grand Tribunal is technically a Governing Body at the National level, due to the degree of its members. However, even members of higher grades are subject to the decisions of the Grand Tribunal.

5. The Electoral College consists of eleven members of the V° appointed by the National Grand Master General. Its primary duty is to oversee the affairs of the Man of Earth Grade. It has the authority to:

appoint and remove Camp, Oasis, and Lodge Masters
authorize invitations for initiate members to take the V° and enter the Lover Grade
give full hearings to reports from initiate members of the degree of Sovereign Grand Inspector General VII° as to the condition of affairs of the members of the Man of Earth Triad

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Current Grand Lodges

The U.S. Grand Lodge is the National Section of O.T.O. in the United States of America. The U.S. National Grand Master General is Fr. Sabazius X°, who was appointed on 30 March 1996. The U.S. Grand Lodge is incorporated in California as a non-profit, tax-exempt, religious organization named Ordo Templi Orientis U.S.A. (O.T.O. U.S.A.). The Board of Directors of O.T.O. U.S.A. is constituted by the Executive.

The UK Grand Lodge is the National Section of O.T.O. in the United Kingdom. The U.K. National Grand Master General is Fr. Hyperion X°, who was appointed on 1 May 2005 (93 years after the last Grand Master for the UK, Aleister Crowley, was elevated to that office).

The Australia Grand Lodge is the National Section of O.T.O. in Australia. The Australia National Grand Master General is Fr. Shiva X°, who was appointed on 15 April, 2006.

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O.T.O. Bodies

At the Man of Earth level, there are three levels of Local Body, which are Camps, Oases, and Lodges.

1. Camps tend to be the smallest and are not required to perform intiations. They are encouraged to celebrate the Gnostic Mass.

2. Oases are the next largest, and should be able to initiate through the III°.

3. Lodges are the largest local body within the Man of Earth Grade, and are expected to celebrate the Gnostic Mass on a regular basis, work towards establishing a permenant temple, and have the ability to initiate through IV°/P.I.

Chapters of Rose Croix are bodies established by members of the Lover Grade. A Chapter is headed by a Most Wise Sovereign and a High Priestess. They are generally charged with arranging social activities, such as plays, banquets, and dances. They also work to promote harmony among the members by tact and friendliness.

Guilds are groups recognized by IHQ that are designed to promote a profession, trade, science or craft. Subject to approval by the Areopagus, they make their own regulations and coordinate their own efforts. There are currently three Guilds recognized by the Areopagus: the Psychology Guild, the Translators' Guild, and the Information Technology Guild.

The term Sanctuary is sometimes used to indicate a group of initiates organized for E.G.C. activities. This designation currently reflects no formal chartering process or official standing within the Order.

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History

The founding of Ordo Templi Orientis began with a wealthy paper chemist, Carl Kellner (1851-1905). A student of the occult and familiar with several modern secret organizations, he had come to believe that he had discovered a “Key” to the symbolism of Freemasonry and to the Mysteries of Nature itself. He then aspired to create an Academia Masonica that would unifiy the various systems of Masonry. Kellner, along with an associate, Theodor Reuss (1855-1923), decided to call it the Oriental Templar Order. In 1902, Reuss, along with Franz Hartmann and Henry Klein, purchased the right to perform the Scottish, Memphis and Mizraim rites of Freemasonry, the authority of which was confirmed in 1904 and again in 1905. These rites, along with the Swedenborgian Rite, formed the core of the newly established Order. When Kellner died in 1905, Reuss assumed full control, becoming the first Outer Head of the Order.

Ruess met Aleister Crowley and in 1910 admitted him to the three degrees of O.T.O. Only two years later Crowley was placed in charge of Great Britain and Ireland, and advanced to the X°. The appointment included the operation of the Masonic degrees of O.T.O., which were called Mysteria Mystica Maxima. Within the year Crowley had written the Manifesto of the M.'.M.'.M.'. which described the basic ten-degree system—which was still principally Masonic—with Kellner’s three degree Academia Masonica forming the VII°, VIII° and IX°.

In 1913, Crowley composed the Gnostic Mass while in Moscow, which he described as being the Order’s “central ceremony of its public and private celebration.” In 1914, soon after World War I broke out, he moved to America. It was around this time that he decided to integrate Thelema into the O.T.O. system, and in 1915 had revised rituals prepared for use in his M.'.M.'.M.'.. He revised them again in 1918, and in so doing removed the ritual's ties to Masonry.

In 1921, Reuss issued a charter to Charles Stansfeld Jones as X° for the U.S. The very next year, Crowley proclaimed himself as Outer Head of the Order of O.T.O. based on the claim that Reuss (who might have suffered a stroke) had become incapable of running the Order. Reuss died in 1923.

In 1933, Agape Lodge #2 was formed in Los Angeles, California under the leadership of Wilfred Talbot Smith (1885-1957). He and Regina Kahl celebrated the first public performance of the Gnostic Mass. Smith was advanced to the X° for the U.S. in 1935. Soon after, the Lodge moved to Pasadena where it was run by Jack Parsons (1914-1952), a founder of the JPL.

During WWII, the European branches of O.T.O. were either destroyed or driven underground. By the end of the war, the only surviving O.T.O. body was Agapé Lodge, although there were various initiates in different countries. Very few initiations were being performed. At this time, Karl Germer, who had been Crowley’s representitive in Germany, came over to America after being released from Nazi confinement. In 1942, Crowley appointed him as his successor as OHO.

In that same year, Crowley personally conferred the IX° to Grady McMurtry (1918-1985), a member of Agapé Lodge. It was then that he assumed his new Magical Name, Hymenaeus Alpha. McMurtry received several letters from Crowley in 1944 stating his desire to have McMurtry assume the role of Caliph and to be in line for succession to OHO. In 1946, McMurtry was entrusted with documents of emergency authorization to operate O.T.O. within California (the location of the only operational Lodge), along with the appointment of being Crowley’s personal representitive within the U.S., second only to Germer.

Crowley died on December 1, 1947 and Karl Germer became OHO. He served from 1947 until his death in 1962. During his time as OHO, O.T.O. activity came to a standstill, with no new initiations being performed. An O.T.O. camp was chartered in England to Kenneth Grant, but he was expelled in 1955 for modifying the initiation rituals and claiming that the body was under joint leadership with another organization, Fraternitas Saturni.

Germer died in 1962 without himself naming a successor. In 1969, Grady McMurtry invoked his emergency authorization from Crowley and assumed the title of Caliph, which Crowley had granted him. He began performing intiations in 1970. Growth was very slow for the first few years, although McMurtry did pick up on the publishing front, such as issuing Crowely’s Thoth Tarot deck. Grady McMurtry died in 1985.

McMurtry requested that members of the Sovereign Sanctuary elect the next OHO, which they did in 1985. Frater Hymenaeus Beta was elected to become the next OHO and he continues in that office today. In 1996, Sabazius X° was appointed as National Grand Master General for the U.S. Grand Lodge. Since McMurtry's time, O.T.O. has greatly expanded its publishing activities, initiated thousands of men and women into its ranks, and become an international organization with groups in dozens of countries around the world.

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Legalities

1976: the Superior Court in Calaveras County, California recognizes Grady McMurtry as the authorized representative of O.T.O.
1979: O.T.O. is incorporated under the laws of the State of California
1982: The corporation attains Federal Tax exemption as a religious entity under IRS Code 501(c)3
1985: in the 9th Federal District Court in San Francisco, McMurtry is found to be the legitimate head of O.T.O. within the United States, and that O.T.O. under McMurtry is the continuation of the O.T.O. of Aleister Crowley, and the exclusive owner of the names, trademarks, copyrights and other assets of O.T.O. This decision is appealed and upheld.
1996: The existing corporation reorganizes as International Headquarters of O.T.O. and a new corporation is founded for U.S. Grand Lodge.
2002: The United Kingdom High Court finds that O.T.O. is the sole owner of the copyrights for all of the works of Aleister Crowley.

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Challenges to Leadership & Legitimacy

Divergent claims to authority are a recurrent feature of the history of Ordo Templi Orientis. Over the years, several individuals and groups of various credibility have claimed the title of OHO or to be the ‘true’ O.T.O.

Gerald Gardner claimed in correspondence with the executors of the Crowley estate, "Alister (sic) gave me a charter making me head of the O.T.O. in Europe." Gardner had been admitted to the Order by Crowley, and chartered at one time to organize a "Camp of Minervals." There is no evidence that Gardner took any further action to press his larger claim.

Hermann Metzger, who had been a member of the early Swiss O.T.O. under Reuss, made the claim soon after Germer’s death in 1962. Supposedly there had been an election there which appointed him OHO. However, it was later shown that Germer had not considered Metzger a regularized member of O.T.O. as it had developed under Crowley. No one recognized his claim outside of his own group. Metzger died in 1990.

Kenneth Grant, who had been expelled from O.T.O. in 1955, also made the claim to OHO after Germer’s passing. Grant did not initially provide any factual basis or evidence for his claim except to say he had a correspondence with Crowley, that Germer had never actually been OHO, and that McMurtry was not the legitimate OHO. He called his organization Ordo Templi Orientis; and others distinguished it as the Typhonian O.T.O.. Eventually his supporters produced a handwritten letter purporting to be Grant's authorization from Crowley, but this was later admitted to be a forgery. Grant's organization now calls itself the Typhonian Order.

Marcelo Ramos Motta tried to assume control of the Order under the name "Society Ordo Templi Orientis." His claim was based on his story that Germer’s wife, Sasha, told him that Karl’s last words stated that Motta was “the follower.” Although Motta had been an A.'.A.'. student under Germer, he had never actually been initiated into O.T.O. He also sued for ownership of Crowley’s copyrights, which were denied to him by the U.S. District Court in Maine. Motta died in 1987, although various small groups calling themselves S.O.T.O. continue to exist.

Other groups that have made use of the O.T.O. name or purported to offer genuine initiation into O.T.O. include:

The Solar Lodge, organized by unauthorized former members of Agape Lodge in California in the 1960s.

Albion O.T.O., located in London, England, claiming to unify all the different “branches” of O.T.O. [2] (http://www.uk-oto.org/oto_main.htm)

The Parzival XI° O.T.O. Foundation, claiming to support and legitimize Motta’s Society O.T.O. [3] (http://members.ozemail.com.au/~realoto/pf.html)

Ur-O.T.O., whose main goals are to “manifest A.M.I.C.I.T.I.A. (Amity, Magia, Inspiration, Companionship, Inclusion, Truth, Individuality, Agape) and to make this a living power in the Life of all Beings.” [4] (http://members.aol.com/UROTO/index.html)

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Links of Interest

Scarlet Woman Lodge, O.T.O. (http://scarletwoman-oto.org/)
O.T.O. U.S. Grand Lodge (http://oto-usa.org/)
The Invisible Basilica of Sabazius (http://www.hermetic.com/sabazius/main.html)—site of the current Grand Master of U.S. Grand Lodge

Retrieved from "http://thelemapedia.org/index.php/Ordo_Templi_Orientis"

 ==Philosophy & Goals==
-[[Image:Otolamen_3(10)_color.jpg|right|O.T.O. Lamen (Copyright 2004 Ordo Templi Orientis)]]
 According to Crowley, O.T.O. is "the first of the great religious Societies to accept the Law." The rituals of O.T.O. have been entirely revised by Crowley and his successors in light of the Law of Thelema. Both within its private ceremonies and in the world at large, the Order seeks to promote the Law as the ultimate standard of human conduct and understanding.
 In common with Freemasonry, the [[Theosophical Society]], and many other esoteric bodies, O.T.O. espouses an ethic of [[Universal Brotherhood]].
+Of the entire system of O.T.O., Crowley wrote in ''Confessions:''
+:It offers a rational basis for universal brotherhood and for universal religion. It puts forward a scientific statement which is a summary of all that is at present known about the universe by means of a simple, yet sublime symbolism, artistically arranged. It also enables each man to discover for himself his personal destiny, indicates the moral and intellectual qualities which he requires in order to fulfil it freely, and finally puts in his hands an unimaginably powerful weapon which he may use to develop in himself every faculty which he may need in his work.
+The mission of O.T.O. U.S. Grand Lodge, which can largely be applied to the Order as a whole:
+:Ordo Templi Orientis U.S.A. is the U.S. Grand Lodge (National Section) of Ordo Templi Orientis, a hierarchical, religious membership organization. Our mission is to effect and promote the doctrines and practices of the philosophical and religious system known as Thelema, with particular emphasis on cultivating the ideals of individual liberty, self-discipline, self-knowledge, and universal brotherhood. To this end, we conduct sacramental and initiatory rites, offer guidance and instruction to our members, organize social events, and engage in educational and community service activities at locations throughout the United States.
 ==Activities==
 **X°—Rex Summus Sanctissimus
 **XI°—Initiate of the Eleventh Degree (This degree is technical, and has no relation to the general plan of the Order)
-**XII°—Frater Superior, and Outer Head of the Order
+**XII°—Frater Superior, [[Caliph]], and Outer Head of the Order
 ===The Gnostic Catholic Church===
 ==Structure==
+The Structure of O.T.O. is outlined in several historical documents, principally the ''Constitution of O.T.O.'' (1906, revised 1917), the ''Constitution of M.'.M.'.M.'.'' (1913), and ''Liber 194: An Intimation With Reference to the Constitution of the Order'' (1919).
 The governing bodies of O.T.O. include:
 #'''International Headquarters'''
 #*Presided over by the '''Outer Head of the Order''' XII° (OHO—also known as Frater Superior)
-#*'''Supreme Council'''
+#*'''Supreme Council''' (Administrative Body)
-#*'''Revolutionaries'''
+#*The '''Sovereign Sanctuary of the Gnosis''' of the IX°
-#The '''Sovereign Sanctuary of the Gnosis''' of the IX°
+#*The '''Secret Areopagus of the Illuminati''' of the VIII°
-#The '''Secret Areopagus of the Illuminati''' of the VIII°
+#'''National Sections''' or '''Grand Lodges'''
-#The '''Grand Tribunal''' of the VI°
+#*Presided over by a '''National Grand Master''' X°
-#The National '''Grand Lodge'''
+#*'''Executive Council''' (Administrative Body)
-#*Presided over by the '''National Grand Master''' X°
+#*The '''Supreme Grand Council'''
-#*'''Executive Council'''
+#*The '''Grand Tribunal''' of the VI°
-#The '''Supreme Grand Council'''
+#*The '''Electoral College '''
-#The '''Electoral College '''
 ===International===
-. '''International Headquarters''' is the body that governs O.T.O. worldwide. As a ruling body, it is known as the International '''Supreme Council''', which consists of the '''Outer Head of the Order''' (OHO—also known as Frater Superior), the Secretary General, and the Treasurer General.
+. '''International Headquarters''' (IHQ) is the body that governs O.T.O. worldwide. IHQ is presided over by the '''Outer Head of the Order''' (OHO—also known as Frater Superior), who possesses the XII°. Since the time of [[Grady McMurtry]], the office of Outer Head of the Order has been associated with the title of [[Caliph]].
-Other current International officerships are:
+. IHQ is administered by the International '''Supreme Council''', which consists of the Outer Head of the Order, the Secretary General, and the Treasurer General.
-*International Initiation Secretary
-*EGC Secretary
-*Quartermasters for Asia and Europe
-*Rights & Permissions for the Estate of Aleister Crowley
-*International Archivist
-. The '''Sovereign Sanctuary of the Gnosis''' consists of members who have reached the IX°. Their prime duty is to study and practice the theurgy and thaumaturgy of the degree, consisting of the Supreme Secret of the Order. However, as a ruling body, they have the authority to
+. The '''Sovereign Sanctuary of the Gnosis''' consists of members who have reached the IX°. Their prime duty is to study and practice the theurgy and thaumaturgy of the degree, consisting of the Supreme Secret of the Order. The Sovereign Sanctuary is not technically a governing body, however, as a collective, it has the authority to:
-*ratify and overturn the rulings of the Areopogus
+*ratify and overturn the rulings of the Areopagus
 *act as representitives of the OHO and National Grand Masters when need arises
 *fill the office of Revolutionary
 *have some powers over the installation and removal of the OHO and National Grand Masters
 . The '''Secret Areopagus of the Illuminati''' is a philosophical Governing Body comprised of those who have reached the VIII°. It has the authority to reverse the decisions of the Grand Tribunal. It’s duties are:
 *compose and resolve all conflicts between any of the governing bodies of the Order
 *Draft and approve all Amendments to the Bylaws of the Order
 *Resolve disputes between the various Guilds
-. The '''Grand Tribunal''' is composed of members of the degree of Grand Inquisitor Commander (a sub-degree of the VI°). Their primary duty is to hear and abritrate disputes and complains not resolved at the level of Chapters and Lodges. They may also grant exemption from any consequences within O.T.O. for pursuing a civil case. They may also rule in cases of abuse of authority and membership privileges.
+. In addition to the above-listed bodies, IHQ includes a number of administrative offices including:
+*Revolutionaries (2)
+*International Initiation Secretary
+*EGC Secretary
+*Quartermasters for Asia and Europe
+*Rights & Permissions for the Estate of Aleister Crowley
+*International Archivist
+The International Headquarters of O.T.O. is incorporated in California as a non-profit, tax-exempt, religious corporation under the name '''Ordo Templi Orientis''' (O.T.O.).  The Board of Directors of O.T.O. U.S.A. is constituted by the Supreme Council.
 ===National===
-. At the national level, the highest body is the '''Grand Lodge''', which is ruled by the '''National Grand Master'''. Within the Grand Lodge is an '''Executive Council''', which consists of the Board of Directors, who are the National Grand Master, the Grand Secretary General, and the Grand Treasurer General.
+. International Headquarters has the power to charter '''National Sections''' or '''Grand Lodges''', with their own Officers and Administrative and Governing Bodies, in countries that have developed an organization large enough to support independent operations.  Each Grand Lodge is presided over by a '''National Grand Master General''', who possesses the Tenth Degree (X°).
-. The '''Supreme Grand Council''' consists of members of the VII° appointed by the National Grand Master X°. They are charged with:
+. A Grand Lodge is administered by an '''Executive Council''', or '''Executive,''' which consists of the National Grand Master General, the Grand Secretary General, and the Grand Treasurer General.
+. The '''Supreme Grand Council''' consists of nine members of the VII° appointed by the National Grand Master General. It is charged with:
 *the government of the whole of the Lovers Grade
 *Hearing and deciding appeals of the decisions of the Electoral College
 *Hearing reports of the Sovereign Grand Inspectors General VII° as to the affairs of the Initiate members of the Lovers Grade
-. The '''Electoral College''' consists of eleven members of the V° and is the first of the governing bodies. Its primary duty is to oversee the affairs of the Man of Earth Grade. They have the authority to:
+The National Grand Master General, the Grand Secretary General, and the Grand Treasurer General are ''ex officio'' members of the Supreme Grand Council, and consititute its Executive Committee.
+. The '''Grand Tribunal''' is composed of members of the degree of Grand Inquisitor Commander (a sub-degree of the VI°). Their primary duty is to hear and arbitrate disputes and complains not resolved at the level of Chapters and Lodges. They may also grant exemption from any consequences within O.T.O. for pursuing a civil case. They may also rule in cases of abuse of authority and membership privileges.  The Grand Tribunal is technically a Governing Body at the National level, due to the degree of its members.  However, even members of higher grades are subject to the decisions of the Grand Tribunal.
+. The '''Electoral College''' consists of eleven members of the V° appointed by the National Grand Master General. Its primary duty is to oversee the affairs of the Man of Earth Grade. It has the authority to:
 *appoint and remove Camp, Oasis, and Lodge Masters
 *authorize invitations for initiate members to take the V° and enter the Lover Grade
 ====Current Grand Lodges====
-The '''US Grand Lodge''' is the governing body of O.T.O. in the United States of America. The U.S. National Grand Master is Fr. Sabazius X°, who was appointed in 1996.
+The '''U.S. Grand Lodge''' is the National Section of O.T.O. in the United States of America. The U.S. National Grand Master General is Fr. Sabazius X°, who was appointed on 30 March 1996.  The U.S. Grand Lodge is incorporated in California as a non-profit, tax-exempt, religious organization named '''Ordo Templi Orientis U.S.A.''' (O.T.O. U.S.A.).  The Board of Directors of O.T.O. U.S.A. is constituted by the Executive.
-The '''UK Grand Lodge''' is the governing body of O.T.O. in the United Kingdom. The U.K. National Grand Master is Fr. Hyperion X°, who was appointed in 2005 (93 years after the last Grand Master for the UK, Aleister Crowley, was elevated to that office).
+The '''UK Grand Lodge''' is the National Section of O.T.O. in the United Kingdom. The U.K. National Grand Master General is Fr. Hyperion X°, who was appointed on 1 May 2005 (93 years after the last Grand Master for the UK, Aleister Crowley, was elevated to that office).
+The '''Australia Grand Lodge''' is the National Section of O.T.O. in Australia. The Australia National Grand Master General is Fr. Shiva X°, who was appointed on 15 April, 2006.
 ===O.T.O. Bodies===
 . '''Lodges''' are the largest local body within the Man of Earth Grade, and are expected to celebrate the Gnostic Mass on a regular basis, work towards establishing a permenant temple, and have the ability to initiate through IV°/P.I.
-'''Chapters of Rose Croix''' are bodies established by members of the Lover Grade. A Chapter is headed by a Most Wise Sovereign. They are generally charged with arranging social activities, such as plays, banquets, and dances. They also work to promote harmony among the members by tact and friendliness.
+'''Chapters of Rose Croix''' are bodies established by members of the Lover Grade. A Chapter is headed by a Most Wise Sovereign and a High Priestess. They are generally charged with arranging social activities, such as plays, banquets, and dances. They also work to promote harmony among the members by tact and friendliness.
-'''Guilds''' are groups recognized by O.T.O. International designed to promote a profession, trade, science or craft. Subject to approval by the Areopogus, they make their own regulations and coordinate their own efforts. There are currently three Guilds: the Psychology Guild, the Translators' Guild, and the Information Technology Guild.
+'''Guilds''' are groups recognized by IHQ that are designed to promote a profession, trade, science or craft. Subject to approval by the Areopagus, they make their own regulations and coordinate their own efforts. There are currently three Guilds recognized by the Areopagus: the Psychology Guild, the Translators' Guild, and the Information Technology Guild.
 The term '''Sanctuary''' is sometimes used to indicate a group of initiates organized for E.G.C. activities. This designation currently reflects no formal chartering process or official standing within the Order.
 During WWII, the European branches of O.T.O. were either destroyed or driven underground. By the end of the war, the only surviving O.T.O. body was Agapé Lodge, although there were various initiates in different countries. Very few initiations were being performed. At this time, [[Karl Germer]], who had been Crowley’s representitive in Germany, came over to America after being released from Nazi confinement. In 1942, Crowley appointed him as his successor as OHO.
-In that same year, Crowley personally conferred the IX° to [[Grady McMurtry]] (1918-1985), a member of Agapé Lodge. It was then that he assumed his new Magical Name, ''Hymenaeus Alpha''. McMurtry received several letters from Crowley in 1944 stating his desire to have McMurtry assume the role of ‘Caliph’ and to be in line for succession to OHO. In 1946, McMurtry was entrusted with documents of emergency authorization to operate O.T.O. within California (the location of the only operational Lodge), along with the appointment of being Crowley’s personal representitive within the U.S., second only to Germer.
+In that same year, Crowley personally conferred the IX° to [[Grady McMurtry]] (1918-1985), a member of Agapé Lodge. It was then that he assumed his new Magical Name, ''Hymenaeus Alpha''. McMurtry received several letters from Crowley in 1944 stating his desire to have McMurtry assume the role of [[Caliph]] and to be in line for succession to OHO. In 1946, McMurtry was entrusted with documents of emergency authorization to operate O.T.O. within California (the location of the only operational Lodge), along with the appointment of being Crowley’s personal representitive within the U.S., second only to Germer.
 Crowley died on December 1, 1947 and Karl Germer became OHO. He served from 1947 until his death in 1962. During his time as OHO, O.T.O. activity came to a standstill, with no new initiations being performed. An O.T.O. camp was chartered in England to [[Kenneth Grant]], but he was expelled in 1955 for modifying the initiation rituals and claiming that the body was under joint leadership with another organization, ''[[Fraternitas Saturni]].''
-Germer died in 1962 without naming a successor. In 1969, Grady McMurtry invoked his emergency authorization from Crowley and assumed the title of Caliph. He began performing intiations in 1970. Growth was very slow for the first few years, although McMurtry did pick up on the publishing front, such as issuing Crowely’s ''[[Tarot|Thoth Tarot]]'' deck. Grady McMurtry died in 1985.
+Germer died in 1962 without himself naming a successor. In 1969, Grady McMurtry invoked his emergency authorization from Crowley and assumed the title of [[Caliph]], which Crowley had granted him. He began performing intiations in 1970. Growth was very slow for the first few years, although McMurtry did pick up on the publishing front, such as issuing Crowely’s ''[[Tarot|Thoth Tarot]]'' deck. Grady McMurtry died in 1985.
-McMurtry requested that members of the Sovereign Sanctuary elect the next OHO, which they did in 1985. Frater Hymenaeus Beta was elected to become the next OHO and he continues in that office today. In 1996, Sabazius X° was appointed as National Grand Master General for the U.S. Grand Lodge. Since McMurtry's time, O.T.O. has greatly expanded its publishing activities, initiated thousands of men and women into its ranks, and become an international organization with groups in dozens of countries around the world.
+McMurtry requested that members of the Sovereign Sanctuary elect the next OHO, which they did in 1985. Frater [[Hymenaeus Beta]] was elected to become the next OHO and he continues in that office today. In 1996, [[Sabazius]] X° was appointed as National Grand Master General for the U.S. Grand Lodge. Since McMurtry's time, O.T.O. has greatly expanded its publishing activities, initiated thousands of men and women into its ranks, and become an international organization with groups in dozens of countries around the world.
 ==Legalities==
 ==Challenges to Leadership & Legitimacy==
-One of the dramatic aspects of Ordo Templi Orientis is the continuing issue of legitimacy. Over the years, several individuals and groups have claimed the title of OHO or to be the ‘true’ O.T.O.
+Divergent claims to authority are a recurrent feature of the history of Ordo Templi Orientis. Over the years, several individuals and groups of various credibility have claimed the title of OHO or to be the ‘true’ O.T.O.
+*'''[[Gerald Gardner]]''' claimed in correspondence with the executors of the Crowley estate, "Alister (<i>sic</i>) gave me a charter making me head of the O.T.O. in Europe." Gardner had been admitted to the Order by Crowley, and chartered at one time to organize a "Camp of Minervals." There is no evidence that Gardner took any further action to press his larger claim.
 *'''[[Hermann Metzger]]''', who had been a member of the early Swiss O.T.O. under Reuss, made the claim soon after Germer’s death in 1962. Supposedly there had been an election there which appointed him OHO. However, it was later shown that Germer had not considered Metzger a regularized member of O.T.O. as it had developed under Crowley. No one recognized his claim outside of his own group. Metzger died in 1990.
-*'''[[Kenneth Grant]]''', who had been expelled from O.T.O. in 1955, also made the claim to OHO after Germer’s passing. Grant does not provide any factual basis or evidence for his claim except to say he had a correspondence with Crowley, that Germer had never actually been OHO, and that McMurtry was not the legitimate OHO. He started a new organization which he calls the [[Typhonian O.T.O.]]
+*'''[[Kenneth Grant]]''', who had been expelled from O.T.O. in 1955, also made the claim to OHO after Germer’s passing. Grant did not initially provide any factual basis or evidence for his claim except to say he had a correspondence with Crowley, that Germer had never actually been OHO, and that McMurtry was not the legitimate OHO. He called his organization ''Ordo Templi Orientis;'' and others distinguished it as the [[Typhonian O.T.O.]]. Eventually his supporters produced a handwritten letter purporting to be Grant's authorization from Crowley, but this was later admitted to be a forgery. Grant's organization now calls itself the [[Typhonian Order]].
 *'''[[Marcelo Ramos Motta]]''' tried to assume control of the Order under the name "[[Society Ordo Templi Orientis]]." His claim was based on his story that Germer’s wife, Sasha, told him that Karl’s last words stated that Motta was “the follower.” Although Motta had been an [[A.'.A.'.]] student under Germer, he had never actually been initiated into O.T.O. He also sued for ownership of Crowley’s copyrights, which were denied to him by the U.S. District Court in Maine. Motta died in 1987, although various small groups calling themselves S.O.T.O. continue to exist.
-Other groups that make use of the O.T.O. name are:
+Other groups that have made use of the O.T.O. name or purported to offer genuine initiation into O.T.O. include:
-*'''Albion O.T.O.''', located in London, England, which claims to unify all the different “branches” of O.T.O. [http://www.uk-oto.org/oto_main.htm]
+*The '''[[Solar Lodge]]''', organized by unauthorized former members of Agape Lodge in California in the 1960s.
-*The '''Parzival XI° O.T.O. Foundation''', which claims to support and legitimize Motta’s Society O.T.O. [http://members.ozemail.com.au/~realoto/pf.html]
+*'''Albion O.T.O.''', located in London, England, claiming to unify all the different “branches” of O.T.O. [http://www.uk-oto.org/oto_main.htm]
+*The '''Parzival XI° O.T.O. Foundation''', claiming to support and legitimize Motta’s Society O.T.O. [http://members.ozemail.com.au/~realoto/pf.html]
 *'''Ur-O.T.O.''', whose main goals are to “manifest A.M.I.C.I.T.I.A. (Amity, Magia, Inspiration, Companionship, Inclusion, Truth, Individuality, Agape) and to make this a living power in the Life of all Beings.” [http://members.aol.com/UROTO/index.html]
 ==Links of Interest==
+*[http://scarletwoman-oto.org/ Scarlet Woman Lodge, O.T.O.]
 *[http://oto-usa.org/ O.T.O. U.S. Grand Lodge]
 *[http://www.hermetic.com/sabazius/main.html The Invisible Basilica of Sabazius]—site of the current Grand Master of U.S. Grand Lodge
-===Sites that are anti-O.T.O.===
-*[http://www.cyberlink.ch/~koenig/ The Ordo Templi Orientis Phenomenon]—site of Peter Koenig, infamous critic of O.T.O.
-*[http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Parthenon/7069/ Castle of the Silver Star]—site of G.M. Kelly